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Parental Responsibility
Parental responsibility is a concern to parents; it impacts upon their guardian appointment clause contained in their Will. You must have parental responsibility to be able to appoint a guardian.
Parental responsibility should also be considered when marrying, entering a civil partnership, and getting divorced.
The phrase ‘Parental Responsibility’ (known hereafter as PR) was adopted by the Children Act 1989. PR is defined as:
‘all the rights, duties, powers, responsibilities and authority which by law a parent of a child has in relation to the child and his property.’
These rights include:
- Physical possession of the child;
- To have contact with the child;
- Educate the child;
- Choose the child’s religion;
- Consent to medical treatment;
- Consent to child’s marriage; and
- Right to discipline the child.
Generally parents can act independently of each other when exercising PR. The law does require consent of the other parent in certain circumstances – this is so with adoption (unless their consent is dispensed with.)
PR cannot be surrendered, or transferred. A person with PR can arrange for the PR to be met by one or more persons acting on their behalf (and that includes someone else with parental responsibility.) However, the onus remains with the person who has PR to make the proper arrangements for their children.
PR and The Married Father.
- A married father (i.e. a father who is married to the mother at the time of the child’s birth) automatically obtains parental responsibility for his child.
- A married father also has a duty to maintain their children.
PR and the Unmarried Father.
- With effect from 1st December 2003 if the unmarried father’s name appears on the child’s birth certificate he has automatic PR. Otherwise an unmarried father does not automatically have parental responsibility, but can acquire it.
- An unmarried father does have to maintain his children.
- PR and A Guardian; PR and A person who Adopts
- A Guardian, and an adult who adopts a child has PR.
How to acquire PR
A father without PR can obtain it in one of the following ways:
- Parental Responsibility Agreement (Made with the mother on a prescribed form.)
- Applying for a Court Order giving him PR.
- Applying for a Section 8 (Children Act) Residence Order (When, if successful,
the Court must also grant limited PR -
See below) - Becoming the child’s guardian on the mother’s death.
- Adopting the child.
- Marrying the mother.
Acquiring PR by Applying for a Residency Order
The application is governed by the principle that the welfare of the child is the Court’s
paramount consideration. A Residency Order is an order
‘settling the arrangements to be made as to the person with whom the child is to live.’
An unmarried father automatically gains PR when a Residency order is issued, but only for the
duration of the order. The PR is limited; it does not include the right to give or refuse consent
for adoption, or to appoint a guardian. It can also be revoked by the court on application by
anyone with PR (But this is rare)
Once a Residency Order has been issued there are restrictions on changing the child’s surname,
and on taking the child out of the UK.
Wills and Guardian Appointment
Fathers without PR can include an Appointment of Guardians clause in their will. If the father
does not have PR (or only limited PR as in a Residency Order) at the time of his death the
clause will be ineffective and ‘fail’.
Parental Responsibility - explained
Choosing a guardian is not an easy task. The situation can be made more complicated when a ‘parent’ does not have parental responsibility.
